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Select a category then a presentation title for more information:
MOST Framework:
MOST Framework (Earlier Instantiation):
Nature of Student Thinking/Attributes of MOSTs:
Teachers Goals, Orientations and Resources Related To Student Thinking:
Building/Teacher Responses to Student Mathematical Thinking:
Beyond the "Move": A Scheme for Coding Teachers' Responses To Student Mathematical Thinking Abstract:
To contribute to the field's understanding of the teachers' role in using student thinking to shape classroom mathematical discourse, we developed the Teacher Response Coding Scheme (TRC). The TRC provides a means to analyze teachers' in-the-moment responses to student thinking during instruction. The TRC differs from existing schemes in that it disentangles the teacher move from the actor (the person publically asked to consider the student thinking), the recognition (the extent to which the student recognizes their idea in the teacher move), and the mathematics (the alignment of the mathematics in the teacher move to the mathematics in the student thinking). This disentanglement makes the TRC less value-laden and more useful across a broad range of settings.
Citation:
Peterson, B. E., Van Zoest, L. R., Rougée, A. O. T., Freeburn, B., Stockero, S. L., & Leatham, K. R. (in press). Beyond the "move": A scheme for coding teachers' responses to student mathematical thinking. To appear in Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education.
Teachers' Responses To a Common Set of High Potential Instances of Student Mathematical Thinking Abstract:
This study investigates teacher responses to a common set of high potential instances of student mathematical thinking to better understand the role of the teacher in shaping meaningful mathematical discourse in their classrooms. Teacher responses were coded using a scheme that disentangles the teacher move from other aspects of the teacher response, including who the response is directed to and the degree to which the student thinking is honored. Teachers tended to direct their response to the student who had shared their thinking and to explicitly incorporate ideas core to the student thinking in their response. We consider the nature of these responses in relation to principles of productive use of student mathematical thinking.
Citation:
Stockero, S. L., Van Zoest, L. R., Peterson, B. E., Leatham, K. R., & Rougée, A. O. T. (in press). Teachers' responses to a common set of high potential instances of student mathematical thinking. To appear in Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the North American Chapter of the International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education.
Attributes of Instances of Student Mathematical Thinking That Are Worth Building on in Whole-Class Discussion Abstract:
This study investigated attributes of 278 instances of student mathematical thinking during whole-class interactions that were identified as having high potential, if made the object of discussion, to foster learners' understanding of important mathematical ideas. Attributes included the form of the thinking (e.g., question vs. declarative statement), whether the thinking was based on earlier work or generated in the moment, the accuracy of the thinking, and the type of thinking (e.g., sense-making). Findings illuminate the complexity of identifying student thinking worth building on during whole-class discussion and provide insight into important attributes of these high potential instances that could be used to help teachers more easily recognize them. Implications for researching, learning, and enacting the teaching practice of building on student mathematical thinking are discussed.
Citation:
Van Zoest, L. R., Stockero, S. L., Leatham, K. R., Peterson, B. E., Atanga, N. A., & Ochieng, M. A. (2017). Attributes of instances of student mathematical thinking that are worth building on in whole-class discussion. Mathematical Thinking and Learning, 19, 33–54.
Noticing Distinctions Among and Within Instances of Student Mathematical Thinking Abstract:
In this chapter, we argue that there are two critical aspects of noticing student mathematical thinking: noticing within an instance of student thinking and noticing among instances of student thinking. We use the noticing literature to illustrate these distinctions. We then discuss how the MOST Analytic Framework analysis provides structure and guidance for noticing both within and among instances, and illustrate the complex interaction of these two types of noticing through the analysis of an excerpt of classroom dialogue. We conclude by offering the perspective that studies of noticing must go beyond placing value on student mathematical thinking to discriminating among instances of student thinking based on their potential to be used to support students' understanding of important mathematics./p>
Citation:
Stockero L. S., Leatham, K. R., Van Zoest, L. R., & Peterson, B. E. (2017) Noticing Distinctions Among and Within Instances of Student Mathematical Thinking. In E. Schack, J. Wilhelm, & M. H. Fisher (Eds.), Teacher noticing: A hidden skill of teaching (pp. 467). Cham, Switzerland: Springer International.
Imprecision in Classroom Mathematics Discourse   Abstract:
We theorize about ambiguity in mathematical communication and define a certain subset of ambiguous language usage as imprecise. For us, imprecision in classroom mathematics discourse hinders in-the-moment communication because the instance of imprecision is likely to create inconsistent interpretations of the same statement among individuals. We argue for the importance of attending to such imprecision as a critical aspect of attending to precision. We illustrate various types of imprecision that occur in mathematics classrooms and the ramifications of not addressing this imprecision. Based on our conceptualization of these types and ramifications, we discuss implications for research on classroom mathematics discourse.
Citation:
Leatham, K. R., Peterson, B. E., Merrill, L., Van Zoest, L. R., & Stockero, S. L. (2016). Imprecision in classroom mathematics discourse. In M. B. Wood, E. E. Turner, M. Civil, & J. A. Eli (Eds.), Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the North American Chapter of the International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education (pp. 1236–1243). Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona.
Conceptualizing the Teaching Practice of Building On Student Mathematical Thinking Abstract:
An important aspect of effective teaching is taking advantage of in-the-moment expressions of student thinking that, by becoming the object of class discussion, can help students better understand important mathematical ideas. We call these high-potential instances of student thinking MOSTs and the productive use of them building. The purpose of this paper is to conceptualize the teaching practice of building on MOSTs as a first step toward developing a common language for and an understanding of productive use of high-potential instances of student thinking. We situate this work in the existing literature, introduce core principles that underlie our conception of building, and present a prototype of the teaching practice of building on MOSTs that includes four sub-practices.
We conclude by discussing the need for future research and our research agenda for studying the building prototype.
Citation:
Van Zoest, L. R., Peterson, B. E., Leatham, K. R., & Stockero, S. L. (2016). Conceptualizing the teaching practice of building on student mathematical thinking. In M. B. Wood, E. E. Turner, M. Civil, & J. A. Eli (Eds.), Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the North American Chapter of the International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education (pp. 1281–1288). Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona.
Theorizing the Mathematical Point of Building on Student Mathematical Thinking Abstract:
Despite the fact that the mathematics education field recognizes the critical role that student thinking plays in high quality instruction, little is known about productive use of the in-the-moment student thinking that emerges in the context of whole-class discussion. We draw on and extend the work of others to theorize the mathematical understanding an instance of such student thinking can be used to build towards—the mathematical point (MP). An MP is a mathematical statement of what could be gained from considering a particular instance of student thinking. Examples and non-examples are used to illustrate nuances in the MP construct. Articulating the MP for an instance of student thinking is requisite for determining whether there is instructional value in pursuing that thinking.
Citation:
Van Zoest, L. R., Stockero, S. L., Leatham, K. R., & Peterson, B. E. (2016). Theorizing the mathematical point of building on student mathematical thinking. In C. Csíkos, A. Rausch, & J. Szitányi (Eds.), Proceedings of the 40th Conference of the International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education (Vol. 4, pp. 323–330). Szeged, Hungary: PME.
Attributes of Student Mathematical Thinking That is Worth Building on in Whole-Class Discussion Abstract:
This study investigated the attributes of 265 instances of student mathematical thinking during whole-class interactions that were identified as having the potential to foster learners' understanding of important mathematical ideas (MOSTs). Attributes included the form of the thinking (e.g., question vs. declarative statement), whether the thinking was based on earlier work or generated in the moment, the accuracy of the thinking, and the type of the thinking (e.g., sense making). Findings both illuminate the complexity of identifying student thinking worth building on during whole-class discussion and provide insight into important attributes of MOSTs that teachers can use to better recognize them. For example, 96% of MOSTs were of three types, making these three particularly salient types of student mathematical thinking for teachers to develop skills in recognizing.
Citation:
Van Zoest, L. R., Stockero, S. L., Atanga, N. A., Leatham, K. R., Peterson, B. E. & Ochieng, M. A. (2015). Attributes of student mathematical thinking that is worth building on in whole-class discussion. Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the North American Chapter of the International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University, MI.
Uncovering Teachers' Goals, Orientations, and Resources Related to the Practice of Using Student Thinking Abstract:
Despite years of efforts to promote using student thinking during instruction, the practice of productively using student thinking is still difficult for teachers to enact well. Improving teachers' use of this practice requires an understanding of why teachers currently respond to student thinking as they do; that is, an understanding of the goals, orientations and resources (Schoenfeld, 2011) that underlie their enactment of this practice. We describe a scenario-based interview tool developed to prompt teachers to discuss their decisions and rationales related to using student thinking. We examine cases of three individual teachers to illustrate how the tool allows us (1) to infer individual teachers' goals, orientations and resources and (2) to differentiate among teachers' uses of student thinking. Understanding reasons behind teachers' use of student thinking will help us to match professional development to teachers' needs.
Citation:
Stockero, S. L., Van Zoest, L. R., Rougee, A., Fraser, E. H., Leatham, K. R. & Peterson, B. E. (2015). Uncovering teachers' goals, orientations, and resources related to the practice of using student thinking. Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the North American Chapter of the International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University, MI.
Conceptualizing Mathematically Significant Pedagogical
Opportunities to Build on Student Thinking Abstract:
The mathematics education community values using student thinking
to develop mathematical concepts, but the nuances of this practice
are not clearly understood. We conceptualize an important group
of instances in classroom lessons that occur at the intersection
of student thinking, significant mathematics, and pedagogical
openings—what we call Mathematically Significant
Pedagogical Opportunities to Build on Student Thinking
(MOSTs). We analyze dialogue to illustrate the process for determining
whether a classroom instance is a MOST. We conclude by discussing
how the MOST construct contributes to facilitating and researching
teachers' mathematically-productive use of student thinking through
providing a lens and generating a common language for recognizing
and agreeing upon high-leverage student mathematical thinking.
Citation:
Leatham, K. R., Peterson, B. E., Stockero, S. L., & Van Zoest,
L. R. (2015). Conceptualizing Mathematically Significant
Pedagogical Opportunities to Build on Student Thinking. Journal
for Research in Mathematics Education, 46(1), 88-124.
The "MOST" Productive Student Mathematical Thinking Abstract:
Meaningfully incorporating student mathematical thinking into lessons requires identifying thinking that has potential to become the object of rich mathematical discussion. We conceptualize instances that (a) contain student thinking, (b) are about significant mathematics, and (c) create pedagogical opportunities as Mathematically Significant Pedagogical Opportunities to build on Student Thinking (MOSTs).
Citation:
Stockero, S. L., Peterson, B. E., Leatham, K. R., & Van Zoest, L. R. (2014). The "MOST" Productive Student Mathematical Thinking. Mathematics Teacher, 106(4), 308-312.
Teachers' Perceptions of Productive Use of Student
Mathematical Thinking Abstract:
We argue that the teaching practice of productively using student
mathematical thinking [PUMT] needs to be better conceptualized
for the construct to gain greater traction in the classroom and
in research. We report the results of a study wherein we explored
teachers' perceptions of PUMT. We interviewed mathematics teachers
and analyzed these interviews using and refining initial conjectures
about the process teachers might go through in learning PUMT.
We found that teachers' perceptions of PUMT ranged from valuing
student participation, to valuing student mathematical thinking,
to using that thinking in a variety of ways related to eliciting,
interpreting and building on that thinking.
Citation:
Leatham, K. R., Van Zoest, L. R., Stockero, S. L., & Peterson, B. E. (2014). Teachers' perceptions of productive use of student
mathematical thinking. In P. Liljedahl, S. Oesterle, C. Nicol, & D. Allan (Eds.), Proceedings of the Joint Meeting of PME 38 and PME-NA
36 (Vol. 4, pp. 73–80). Vancouver, Canada: PME.
Classroom Mathematics Discourse: Broadening Perspectives
by Integrating Tools for Analysis Abstract:
This working group explores tools for analyzing mathematics classroom
discourse across two projects with different, but complementary
perspectives. The goals of the working group include generating
interaction about the theoretical lenses that we use to analyze
and discuss classroom mathematics discourse and the relationships
between these different theoretical frameworks. Participants
will engage with the individual frameworks in the first two sessions
and discuss interactions of the two frameworks in the third session.
Citation:
Johnson, K. R., Steele, M. D., Herbel-Eisenmann, B. A., Leatham,
K. R., & Peterson, B. E., Stockero, S. L., … Merrill, L. (2013). Classroom mathematics
discourse: Broadening perspectives by integrating tools for analysis.
In M. V. Martinez & A. Castro Superfine (Eds.), Proceedings
of the 35th Annual Meeting of the North American Chapter of the
International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education (pp. 1340–1348).
Chicago: University of Illinois at Chicago.
Conceptualizing Mathematically Significant Pedagogical
Openings to Build on Student Thinking Abstract:
The mathematics education community values using student thinking
to develop mathematical concepts, but the nuances of this practice
are not clearly understood. We conceptualize an important group
of instances in classroom lessons that occur at the intersection
of student thinking, significant mathematics, and pedagogical
openings—what we call Mathematically Significant
Pedagogical Openings to Build on Student Thinking
(MOSTs)—and introduce a framework for determining when
they occur. We discuss how the MOST construct contributes to
facilitating and researching teachers' mathematically-productive
use of student thinking through providing a lens and generating
a common language for recognizing and agreeing upon high-leverage
student mathematical thinking.
Citation:
Van Zoest, L. R., Leatham, K. R., Peterson, B. E., & Stockero,
S. L. (2013). Conceptualizing mathematically significant pedagogical
openings to build on student thinking. In A. M. Lindmeier & A.
Heinze (Eds.), Proceedings of the 37th Conference of the International
Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education (Vol. 4,
pp. 345–352). Kiel, Germany: PME.
Mathematically Important Pedagogical Opportunities Abstract:
The mathematics education community values using student thinking
to develop mathematical concepts, but the nuances of this practice
are not clearly understood. For example, not all student thinking
provides the basis of productive discussions. In this paper we
describe a conceptualization of instances in a classroom lesson
that provide the teacher with opportunities to extend or change
the nature of students' mathematical understanding—what
we refer to as Mathematically Important Pedagogical Opportunities
(MIPOs). We analyze classroom dialogue to illustrate how this
lens can be used to make more tangible the often abstract but
fundamental goal of pursuing students’ mathematical thinking.
Citation:
Leatham, K. R., Peterson, B. E., Stockero, S. L., & Van Zoest,
L. R. (2011). Mathematically important pedagogical opportunities.
In L. R. Wiest & T. Lamberg (Eds.), Proceedings of the 33rd
Annual Meeting of the North American Chapter of the International
Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education (pp. 838–845).
Reno, NV: University of Nevada, Reno.
Investigating Mathematically Important Pedagogical
Opportunities Abstract:
Mathematically Important Pedagogical Opportunities (MIPOs) are
instances in a classroom lesson in which the teacher has an opportunity
to move the class forward in their development of significant
mathematics. Although this construct is widely recognized in
the literature as important to mathematics teaching and learning,
it is neither well defined nor clearly identified as a construct
that can be studied. This working group will build on the efforts
of two research groups, represented by the organizers, to define,
identify, and characterize MIPOs. Specifically, Session 1 will
focus on identifying MIPOs, including questioning and critiquing
working definitions and preliminary dimensions of MIPOs. Session
2 will explore sub-constructs of MIPOs and the potential of sub-constructs
to provide leverage in studying the broader construct. The first
two sessions will include examining instances of classroom practice
(written/video) that have been identified as containing MIPOs.
Session 3 will focus on issues around developing a research agenda
for investigating MIPOs and generating plans for continuing work
on MIPOs.
Citation:
Leatham, K. R., Stockero, S. L., Van Zoest, L. R., & Peterson,
B. E. (2010). Investigating mathematically important pedagogical
opportunities. In P. Brosnan, D. B. Erchick, & L. Flevares
(Eds.), Proceedings of the 32nd Annual Meeting of the North
American Chapter of the International Group for the Psychology
of Mathematics Education (Vol. VI, pp. 1599–1605).
Columbus, OH: The Ohio State University.
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